Single-molecule methods

Single-molecule methods have emerged as powerful tools in life science research. These techniques allow the detection and manipulation of individual biological molecules and investigate, with unprecedented resolution, their conformations and dynamics at the nanoscale level. These techniques overcome the restrictions of traditional bulk biochemical studies by focusing on individuals of molecules. Here we describe some of the most common single-molecule methods including atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, and fluorescence microscopy. We also describe the use of cryo-electron microscopy methods to study large molecules and macromolecular assemblies. We outline the principles of operation for each technique and discuss prominent applications.