TY - JOUR
T1 - Neurological complications associated with anti–programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibodies
AU - Kao, Justin C.
AU - Liao, Bing
AU - Markovic, Svetomir N.
AU - Klein, Christopher J.
AU - Naddaf, Elie
AU - Staff, Nathan P.
AU - Liewluck, Teerin
AU - Hammack, Julie E.
AU - Sandroni, Paola
AU - Finnes, Heidi
AU - Mauermann, Michelle L.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
PY - 2017/10
Y1 - 2017/10
N2 - IMPORTANCE: Neurological complications are an increasingly recognized consequence of the use of anti–programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibodies in the treatment of solid-organ tumors, with an estimated frequency of 4.2%. To date, the clinical spectrum and optimum treatment approach are not established. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency, clinical spectrum, and optimum treatment approach to neurological complications associated with anti–PD-1 therapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted from either September or December 2014 (the approval dates of the study drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration) to May 19, 2016. All patients receiving anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibodies were identified using the Mayo Cancer Pharmacy Database. Patients with development of neurological symptoms within 12 months of anti–PD-1 therapy were included. Patients with neurological complications directly attributable to metastatic disease or other concurrent cancer-related treatments were excluded. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Clinical and pathological characteristics, time to development of neurological symptoms, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. RESULTS: Among 347 patients treated with anti–PD1 monoclonal antibodies (pembrolizumab or nivolumab), 10 (2.9%) developed subacute onset of neurological complications. Seven patients were receiving pembrolizumab, and 3 patients were receiving nivolumab. The patients included 8 men and 2 women. Their median age was 71 years (age range, 31-78 years). Neurological complications occurred after a median of 5.5 (range, 1-20) cycles of anti–PD-1 inhibitors. Complications included myopathy (n = 2), varied neuropathies (n = 4), cerebellar ataxia (n = 1), autoimmune retinopathy (n = 1), bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (n = 1), and headache (n = 1). Peripheral neuropathies included axonal and demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (n = 2), length-dependent neuropathies (n = 1), and asymmetric vasculitic neuropathy (n = 1). The time to maximum symptom severity varied from 1 day to more than 3 months. The median mRS score was 2.5 (range, 1-5), indicating mild to moderate disability. Five patients experienced other systemic immune-mediated complications, including hypothyroidism (n = 3), colitis (n = 2), and hepatitis (n = 1). Treatment with anti–PD-1 antibodies was discontinued in 7 patients. Treatment included corticosteroids (n = 7), intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 3), and plasma exchange (n = 1). Nine patients improved, with a median mRS score of 2 (range, 0-6). One patient with severe necrotizing myopathy died. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Neurological adverse events associated with anti–PD-1 therapy have a diverse phenotype, with more frequent neuromuscular complications. Although rare, they will likely be encountered with increasing frequency as anti–PD-1 therapy expands to other cancers. The time of onset is unpredictable, and evolution may be rapid and life-threatening. Prompt recognition and discontinuation of anti–PD-1 therapy is recommended. In some cases, immune rescue treatment may be required.
AB - IMPORTANCE: Neurological complications are an increasingly recognized consequence of the use of anti–programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibodies in the treatment of solid-organ tumors, with an estimated frequency of 4.2%. To date, the clinical spectrum and optimum treatment approach are not established. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency, clinical spectrum, and optimum treatment approach to neurological complications associated with anti–PD-1 therapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted from either September or December 2014 (the approval dates of the study drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration) to May 19, 2016. All patients receiving anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibodies were identified using the Mayo Cancer Pharmacy Database. Patients with development of neurological symptoms within 12 months of anti–PD-1 therapy were included. Patients with neurological complications directly attributable to metastatic disease or other concurrent cancer-related treatments were excluded. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Clinical and pathological characteristics, time to development of neurological symptoms, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. RESULTS: Among 347 patients treated with anti–PD1 monoclonal antibodies (pembrolizumab or nivolumab), 10 (2.9%) developed subacute onset of neurological complications. Seven patients were receiving pembrolizumab, and 3 patients were receiving nivolumab. The patients included 8 men and 2 women. Their median age was 71 years (age range, 31-78 years). Neurological complications occurred after a median of 5.5 (range, 1-20) cycles of anti–PD-1 inhibitors. Complications included myopathy (n = 2), varied neuropathies (n = 4), cerebellar ataxia (n = 1), autoimmune retinopathy (n = 1), bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (n = 1), and headache (n = 1). Peripheral neuropathies included axonal and demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (n = 2), length-dependent neuropathies (n = 1), and asymmetric vasculitic neuropathy (n = 1). The time to maximum symptom severity varied from 1 day to more than 3 months. The median mRS score was 2.5 (range, 1-5), indicating mild to moderate disability. Five patients experienced other systemic immune-mediated complications, including hypothyroidism (n = 3), colitis (n = 2), and hepatitis (n = 1). Treatment with anti–PD-1 antibodies was discontinued in 7 patients. Treatment included corticosteroids (n = 7), intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 3), and plasma exchange (n = 1). Nine patients improved, with a median mRS score of 2 (range, 0-6). One patient with severe necrotizing myopathy died. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Neurological adverse events associated with anti–PD-1 therapy have a diverse phenotype, with more frequent neuromuscular complications. Although rare, they will likely be encountered with increasing frequency as anti–PD-1 therapy expands to other cancers. The time of onset is unpredictable, and evolution may be rapid and life-threatening. Prompt recognition and discontinuation of anti–PD-1 therapy is recommended. In some cases, immune rescue treatment may be required.
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U2 - 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1912
DO - 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1912
M3 - Article
C2 - 28873125
AN - SCOPUS:85031757174
SN - 2168-6149
VL - 74
SP - 1216
EP - 1222
JO - JAMA Neurology
JF - JAMA Neurology
IS - 10
ER -