TY - JOUR
T1 - Exposure and risk factors for COVID-19 and the impact of staying home on Michigan residents
AU - Wu, Kuan Han H.
AU - Hornsby, Whitney E.
AU - Klunder, Bethany
AU - Krause, Amelia
AU - Driscoll, Anisa
AU - Kulka, John
AU - Bickett-Hickok, Ryan
AU - Fellows, Austin
AU - Graham, Sarah
AU - Kaleba, Erin O.
AU - Hayek, Salim S.
AU - Shi, Xu
AU - Sutton, Nadia R.
AU - Douville, Nicholas
AU - Mukherjee, Bhramar
AU - Jamerson, Kenneth
AU - Brummett, Chad M.
AU - Willer, Cristen J.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
PY - 2021/2
Y1 - 2021/2
N2 - COVID-19 has had a substantial impact on clinical care and lifestyles globally. The State of Michigan reports over 80,000 positive COVID-19 tests between March 1, 2020 and July 29, 2020. We surveyed 8,041 Michigan Medicine biorepository participants in late June 2020. We found that 55% of COVID-19 cases reported no known exposure to family members or to someone outside the house diagnosed with COVID-19. A significantly higher rate of COVID-19 cases were employed as essential workers (45% vs 19%, p = 9×10-12). COVID- 19 cases reporting a fever were more likely to require hospitalization (categorized as severe; OR = 4.4 [95% CI: 1.6-12.5, p = 0.005]) whereas respondents reporting rhinorrhea was less likely to require hospitalization (categorized as mild-to-moderate; OR = 0.16 [95% CI: 0.04- 0.73, p = 0.018]). African-Americans reported higher rates of being diagnosed with COVID- 19 (OR = 4.0 [95% CI: 2.2-7.2, p = 5x10-6]), as well as higher rates of exposure to family or someone outside the household diagnosed with COVID-19, an annual household income < $40,000, living in rental housing, and chronic diseases. During the Executive Order in Michigan, African Americans, women, and the lowest income group reported worsening health behaviors and higher overall concern for the potential detrimental effects of the pandemic. The higher risk of contracting COVID-19 observed among African Americans may be due to the increased rates of working as essential employees, lower socioeconomic status, and exposure to known positive cases. Continued efforts should focus on COVID-19 prevention and mitigation strategies, as well as address the inequality gaps that result in higher risks for both short-term and long-term health outcomes.
AB - COVID-19 has had a substantial impact on clinical care and lifestyles globally. The State of Michigan reports over 80,000 positive COVID-19 tests between March 1, 2020 and July 29, 2020. We surveyed 8,041 Michigan Medicine biorepository participants in late June 2020. We found that 55% of COVID-19 cases reported no known exposure to family members or to someone outside the house diagnosed with COVID-19. A significantly higher rate of COVID-19 cases were employed as essential workers (45% vs 19%, p = 9×10-12). COVID- 19 cases reporting a fever were more likely to require hospitalization (categorized as severe; OR = 4.4 [95% CI: 1.6-12.5, p = 0.005]) whereas respondents reporting rhinorrhea was less likely to require hospitalization (categorized as mild-to-moderate; OR = 0.16 [95% CI: 0.04- 0.73, p = 0.018]). African-Americans reported higher rates of being diagnosed with COVID- 19 (OR = 4.0 [95% CI: 2.2-7.2, p = 5x10-6]), as well as higher rates of exposure to family or someone outside the household diagnosed with COVID-19, an annual household income < $40,000, living in rental housing, and chronic diseases. During the Executive Order in Michigan, African Americans, women, and the lowest income group reported worsening health behaviors and higher overall concern for the potential detrimental effects of the pandemic. The higher risk of contracting COVID-19 observed among African Americans may be due to the increased rates of working as essential employees, lower socioeconomic status, and exposure to known positive cases. Continued efforts should focus on COVID-19 prevention and mitigation strategies, as well as address the inequality gaps that result in higher risks for both short-term and long-term health outcomes.
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U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0246447
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0246447
M3 - Article
C2 - 33556117
AN - SCOPUS:85101416040
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 16
JO - PloS one
JF - PloS one
IS - 2 February
M1 - e0246447
ER -