Effect of Prophylaxis With Low-Dose Anti-Thymocyte Globulin on Prevention of Acute Kidney Allograft Rejection

Introduction: During kidney transplantation, the first contact between the recipient's immune system and the donor organ takes place immediately following the arterial anastomosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a single, low-dose anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) prophylaxis in the reduction of early acute rejection in renal allograft recipients. Methods: In a randomized, controlled clinical trial, we studied the rate of acute rejection within the first month of kidney transplantation in patients who had received their transplant at a single center between the years 2004 and 2007. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 37) received cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine, and prednisolone; group 2 (n = 31) received the above-mentioned agents plus a single ATG bolus (Thymoglobulin; SangStat, Lyon, France; 4-5 mg/kg) the night before the transplantation (∼12 hours before the operation). Blood urea and serum creatinine levels were measured regularly in the posttransplantation period. Acute allograft rejection was justified clinically and/or pathologically. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 13.0 using Student t test and Fisher exact test. A P value ≤ .05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: There were no significant differences regarding the age and gender ratio between the 2 groups. Acute allograft rejection was found in 32.4% (n = 12) of group 1 patients, and was reduced to 12.9% (n = 4) in group 2 (P = .05). Hence, the first-month acute rejection episodes decreased by ∼60% with ATG prophylaxis in renal transplant recipients. Conclusion: Prophylactic administration of a single and low-dose ATG the night before kidney transplantation could reduce the risk of acute allograft rejection in renal transplant recipients. However, further studies with a greater number of patients should be conducted to confirm these results.