TY - JOUR
T1 - Consideration of sex and gender in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders from a global perspective
AU - for the Diversity and Disparity Professional Interest Area Sex and Gender Special Interest Group
AU - Mielke, Michelle M.
AU - Aggarwal, Neelum T.
AU - Vila-Castelar, Clara
AU - Agarwal, Puja
AU - Arenaza-Urquijo, Eider M.
AU - Brett, Benjamin
AU - Brugulat-Serrat, Anna
AU - DuBose, Lyndsey E.
AU - Eikelboom, Willem S.
AU - Flatt, Jason
AU - Foldi, Nancy S.
AU - Franzen, Sanne
AU - Gilsanz, Paola
AU - Li, Wei
AU - McManus, Alison J.
AU - van Lent, Debora Melo
AU - Milani, Sadaf Arefi
AU - Shaaban, C. Elizabeth
AU - Stites, Shana D.
AU - Sundermann, Erin
AU - Suryadevara, Vidyani
AU - Trani, Jean Francoise
AU - Turner, Arlener D.
AU - Vonk, Jet M.J.
AU - Quiroz, Yakeel T.
AU - Babulal, Ganesh M.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.
PY - 2022/12
Y1 - 2022/12
N2 - Sex or gender differences in the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) differ by world region, suggesting that there are potentially modifiable risk factors for intervention. However, few epidemiological or clinical ADRD studies examine sex differences; even fewer evaluate gender in the context of ADRD risk. The goals of this perspective are to: (1) provide definitions of gender, biologic sex, and sexual orientation. and the limitations of examining these as binary variables; (2) provide an overview of what is known with regard to sex and gender differences in the risk, prevention, and diagnosis of ADRD; and (3) discuss these sex and gender differences from a global, worldwide perspective. Identifying drivers of sex and gender differences in ADRD throughout the world is a first step in developing interventions unique to each geographical and sociocultural area to reduce these inequities and to ultimately reduce global ADRD risk. Highlights: The burden of dementia is unevenly distributed geographically and by sex and gender. Scientific advances in genetics and biomarkers challenge beliefs that sex is binary. Discrimination against women and sex and gender minority (SGM) populations contributes to cognitive decline. Sociocultural factors lead to gender inequities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) worldwide.
AB - Sex or gender differences in the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) differ by world region, suggesting that there are potentially modifiable risk factors for intervention. However, few epidemiological or clinical ADRD studies examine sex differences; even fewer evaluate gender in the context of ADRD risk. The goals of this perspective are to: (1) provide definitions of gender, biologic sex, and sexual orientation. and the limitations of examining these as binary variables; (2) provide an overview of what is known with regard to sex and gender differences in the risk, prevention, and diagnosis of ADRD; and (3) discuss these sex and gender differences from a global, worldwide perspective. Identifying drivers of sex and gender differences in ADRD throughout the world is a first step in developing interventions unique to each geographical and sociocultural area to reduce these inequities and to ultimately reduce global ADRD risk. Highlights: The burden of dementia is unevenly distributed geographically and by sex and gender. Scientific advances in genetics and biomarkers challenge beliefs that sex is binary. Discrimination against women and sex and gender minority (SGM) populations contributes to cognitive decline. Sociocultural factors lead to gender inequities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) worldwide.
KW - Alzheimer's
KW - ethnicity
KW - gender
KW - global health
KW - risk factors, sex
KW - sociocultural factors
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U2 - 10.1002/alz.12662
DO - 10.1002/alz.12662
M3 - Article
C2 - 35394117
AN - SCOPUS:85129179800
SN - 1552-5260
VL - 18
SP - 2707
EP - 2724
JO - Alzheimer's and Dementia
JF - Alzheimer's and Dementia
IS - 12
ER -