Assessing Longitudinal Treatment Efficacies and Alterations in Molecular Markers Associated with Glutamatergic Signaling and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in a Spontaneous Melanoma Mouse Model

Kevinn Eddy, Kajal Gupta, Mohamad Naser Eddin, Christina Marinaro, Sanjana Putta, John Michael Sauer, Anna Chaly, Katie B. Freeman, Jeffrey C. Pelletier, Anna Fateeva, Philip Furmanski, Ann W. Silk, Allen B. Reitz, Andrew Zloza, Suzie Chen

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Previous work done by our laboratory described the use of an immunocompetent spontaneous melanoma-prone mouse model, TGS (TG-3/SKH-1), to evaluate treatment outcomes using inhibitors of glutamatergic signaling and immune checkpoint for 18 weeks. We showed a significant therapeutic efficacy with a notable sex-biased response in male mice. In this follow-up 18-week study, the dose of the glutamatergic signaling inhibitor was increased (from 1.7 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg), which resulted in improved responses in female mice but not male mice. The greatest reduction in tumor progression was observed in male mice treated with single-agent troriluzole and anti–PD-1. Furthermore, a randomly selected group of mice was removed from treatment after 18 weeks and maintained for up to an additional 48 weeks demonstrating the utility of the TGS mouse model to perform a ≥1-year preclinical therapeutic study in a physiologically relevant tumor–host environment. Digital spatial imaging analyses were performed in tumors and tumor microenvironments across treatment modalities using antibody panels for immune cell types and immune cell activation. The results suggest that immune cell populations and cytotoxic activities of T cells play critical roles in treatment responses in these mice. Examination of a group of molecular protein markers based on the proposed mechanisms of action of inhibitors of glutamatergic signaling and immune checkpoint showed that alterations in expression levels of xCT, γ-H2AX, EAAT2, PD-L1, and PD-1 are likely associated with the loss of treatment responses. These results suggest the importance of tracking changes in molecular markers associated with the mechanism of action of therapeutics over the course of a longitudinal preclinical therapeutic study in spatial and temporal manners.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number100262
JournalJID Innovations
Volume4
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 2024
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Cancer biology
  • Drug development
  • Melanoma
  • Methods/tools/techniques
  • Mouse models

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Dermatology

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