Accumulation of porphyrins in plasma and tissues of dogs after δ-aminolevulinic acid administration: Implications for photodynamic therapy

Protoporphyrin accumulates in tissues after administration of δ-aminolevulinic acid, and can be used as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. To determine the distribution of porphyrins in a large animal model after administration of this porphyrin precursor, δ-aminolevulinic acid was administered to anesthetized dogs (100 mg/kg body weight intravenously) and porphyrin concentrations were measured in tissues (liver, pancreas, prostate, bladder, muscle and skin), plasma and urine for 6-10 h. Porphyrins increased markedly (up to 50-fold) in plasma within 1 h, were still markedly increased at 8 h, and consisted mostly of coproporphyrin III and protoporphyrin. Tissue porphyrin concentrations increased more slowly, were highest in liver, pancreas and prostate 7-10 h after δ-aminolevulinic acid administration, and were predominantly protoporphyrin. Maximum porphyrin concentrations in liver were 3- and 4-fold higher than in pancreas and prostate, respectively. Urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid excretion increased and was greatest 2-4 h after dosing; urinary porphobilinogen and porphyrins increased more gradually and remained increased up to at least 8 h. Coproporphyrin III was the predominant porphyrin in urine at all times, but hepta-, hexa- and pentacarboxyl porphyrins increased proportionally after administration of δ-aminolevulinic acid. These results indicate that porphyrins accumulate in plasma as well as tissues and urine after administration of δ-aminolevulinic acid, and may contribute to tumor necrosis during photodynamic therapy.